General Ingredient Research — not an evaluation of this product
The research summaries below are about the ingredients in general, drawn from published studies that often use different doses, forms, and populations than this product. A "strong" evidence rating for an ingredient does not mean this product will produce that effect — studied doses may be significantly higher or lower than what is contained here. Always verify doses against the Supplement Facts table above.
strongSupports red blood cell formationEssential for red blood cell formation. Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, confirmed by decades of clinical evidence.
strongSupports neurological functionInvolved in myelin synthesis and nerve function. Adequate B12 status supports neurological health, particularly in older adults and vegans.
moderateSupports energy metabolismCofactor in energy production pathways, but supplementation only helps if deficient.
moderateSupports brain functionInvolved in neurotransmitter synthesis including serotonin and dopamine. Cofactor for over 100 enzyme reactions.
strongMay reduce homocysteineB6 is a cofactor in the transsulfuration pathway, converting homocysteine to cysteine. This is a separate pathway from the B12/folate remethylation route.
moderateMay help prevent migrainesAt 400mg/day (far above RDA of 1.3mg), riboflavin may reduce migraine frequency. Effect is dose-dependent and not expected at typical supplement doses.
moderateSupports cholesterol levelsAt pharmacological doses (1500-3000mg), niacin may improve HDL cholesterol. This effect is dose-dependent and not expected at typical supplement doses.
strongSupports energy metabolismEssential coenzyme (NAD/NADP) in hundreds of metabolic reactions.
strongSupports energy metabolismEssential cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and other enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism.
strongSupports energy metabolismEssential cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and other enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism.